Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Isolates: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global health threat, posing significant challenges to clinical management and infection control in hospitals. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens—particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae—has led to escalating morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This research investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying AMR in hospital isolates and explores emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming resistance. Using data from microbiological assays, molecular sequencing, and antibiotic susceptibility testing conducted across tertiary hospitals, the study identifies key genetic determinants such as β-lactamases, efflux pumps, and biofilm-associated genes. Additionally, novel therapeutic interventions, including bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and CRISPR-based gene editing, are evaluated for their potential to combat resistant infections. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated stewardship programs, molecular surveillance, and precision-based therapy to mitigate AMR in clinical settings.