Microbial Bioremediation: Exploring the Role of Bacteria in Heavy Metal Detoxification from Industrial Wastewater Dr. M. Subbulakshmi

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater has emerged as a major global environmental challenge, threatening aquatic ecosystems, food safety, and human health. Traditional physicochemical remediation methods—such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption—are often expensive, energy-intensive, and environmentally unsustainable. In contrast, microbial bioremediation, particularly using bacteria, presents a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative. This study explores the potential of bacterial species in detoxifying heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) from industrial effluents. Through laboratory-based analysis and case studies, the research investigates bacterial mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and enzymatic reduction. The findings demonstrate that strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter sp. exhibit remarkable tolerance and efficiency in heavy metal removal. The study concludes that microbial bioremediation represents a vital strategy for achieving sustainable wastewater management and environmental restoration.